The tax reform isn’t a single law. It’s a group of four new acts, each with a specific goal but working together:
The Nigeria Tax Act (NTA): This explains what is taxed, who should pay, and how much they must pay.The Nigeria Tax Administration Act (NTAA): This focuses on the tax process - filing, paying, and managing your taxes online.The Nigeria Revenue Service Act (NRSA): This empowers the tax office (currently known as the FIRS) to do its job better and more fairly.
The Joint Revenue Board Act (JRBA): This helps federal and state tax bodies work together, so you’re less likely to be taxed twice for the same thing.
What does the reform mean for you?
The changes to the tax system have different impacts on salary earners and businesses.If you’re a salary earner
The most significant changes here are to the Personal Income Tax (PIT) system.Clear exemption limit: If you earn ₦800,000 or less per year, you won’t pay income tax. That’s instant breathing room for low-income earners.Consolidated Relief Allowance (CRA): Targeted reliefs now replace CRA. Instead of a blanket allowance, you now get focused reliefs. For example, you can claim 20% relief on your rent (capped at ₦500,000).Exemptions and deductions: Pension, housing, and health insurance contributions are fully deductible. The more you secure your future, the less you pay now.Electronic Money Transfer Levy (EMTL): This levy is now transferred exclusively to states as part of stamp duties. Small transfers are exempted but large transfers may attract a small levy.If you’re a business owner or a freelancer
If you run an SME, freelance, or manage a side hustle, the tax system now encourages you to grow without squeezing you dry.Corporate Income Tax (CIT): businesses with turnover below ₦50 million annually now pay zero corporate tax. That’s a big win for SMEs. You are taxed on the income you earn, not on the assets you own. For instance, if you have one million naira in your current account, there is no taxable income. But if that N1m is moved to a savings account and earns 10% interest, you'll pay tax on the 10% interest earned, not the initial N1m.Value Added Tax (VAT): still at 7.5%, but invoicing goes digital, making calculations automatic. Essentials like food, education, and healthcare remain VAT-free.Tax incentives: sectors like tech, agriculture, and renewable energy get special breaks to encourage growth.Other good things you should know about:FGN bonds & insurance: interest and payments remain tax-free.Retirement savings: contributions, growth, and withdrawals - still tax-free.Stocks: owning them isn’t taxed, though selling for profit attracts tax on gains.Rent relief: 20% off rent tax (up to ₦500,000).Gifts & inheritance: still untaxed.The message is clear: invest, grow, and formalise your hustle without fear.
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